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We want peace and we want an agreement, we do not want a binational state, . ", This page was last edited on 23 January 2023, at 09:48. California Department of Public Health. In 1924 the issue was raised at a conference held by Ahdut Ha'avodah at Ein Harod. Official policy states that Norway was founded on the territory of two peoples, Norwegians and Samis. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. [21] Common grievances of these movements include the idea that Punjabis dominate Pakistan politically and economically, thus marginalizing other groups, and that the establishment of Urdu as the country's sole official language is a form of cultural imperialism that ignores the heritage of Pakistan's diverse peoples. In the early 1950s, those of us who advocated a two-state solution stood alone. [33] This echoes comments made in 2004 by Palestinian Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei, who said that if Israel failed to conclude an agreement with the Palestinians, that the Palestinians would pursue a single, bi-national state. [4] Sujit Choudhry therefore argues that "[t]he age of the agriculturally homogeneous state, if ever there was one, is over".[5]. [64] Several parties in Northern Ireland, including the second- and third-largest,[65] seek to establish an independent United Ireland, and have repeatedly called for border polls. [4]A third version would involve creating a federal state with a central government and federative districts, some of which would be Jewish and others Palestinian. In addition, he wrote that there are only two significant industrial zones in the West Bank settlements, with the vast majority of workers there Palestinian, and that the vast majority of settlers live near the border, in areas that can be annexed by Israel with relative ease in territorial exchanges, while still allowing for the formation of a viable Palestinian state. New prefabricated homes are seen in the West Bank Jewish settlement of Yitzhar, near Nablus, May 7, 2014. Lesotho still claims large swathes of South Africa, and attempts have been made to cede some South African territory to Botswana and Eswatini. Continued violence and the heavy cost of World War II prompted Britain to turn over the issue of Palestine to the United Nations in 1947. Walls and fences separate Israel from Gaza and more than 90% of the West Bank. Ilan Peleg, 'Classifying Multinational States' in, multilingual countries and regions of Europe, Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, unify Ireland as a 32-county independent republic, Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary, declared Russia's sovereignty over its territory, "Built to Last? I really don't know. Gorenberg wrote that in the best case, the new state would be paralyzed by endless arguments, and in the worst case, constant disagreements would erupt into violence. [85], A multi-option poll by Near East Consulting (NEC) in November 2007 found the bi-national state to be less popular than either "two states for two people" or "a Palestinian state on all historic Palestine" with only 13.4% of respondents supporting a binational solution. [71] On 7 April 1990, a law was passed allowing a republic to secede if more than two-thirds of its residents voted for secession in a referendum. Mexico: The Binational Commission. The largest ethnic groups are Montenegrins (45%), Serbs (28.7%), Bosniaks (8.6%), Albanians (4.9%), and Muslims (3.3%).[32]. The major minority ethnic groups in China are Zhuang (16.9 million), Hui (10.5 million), Manchu (10.3 million), Uyghur (10 million), Miao (9.4 million), Yi (8.7 million), Tujia (8.3 million), Tibetan (6.2 million), Mongolian (5.9 million), Dong (2.8 million), Buyei (2.8 million), Yao (2.7 million), Bai (1.9 million), Korean (1.8 million), Hani (1.6 million), Li (1.4 million), Kazakh (1.4 million) and Dai (1.2 million). [13] When proposed as a political solution by non-Israelis, the assumption is that the idea is probably being put forward by those who are politically motivated to harm Israel and, by extension, Israeli Jews. Two academics get into a public intellectual debate over secular national identity and the characteristics of binationalism in the future of Israel or binational state. [30], A poll conducted in 2010 by Israel Democracy Institute suggested that 15% of right-wing Jewish Israelis and 16% of left-wing Jewish Israelis support a binational state solution over a two states solution based on 1967 lines. In August 1991, Latvia and Estonia had regained their independence (following Lithuania's 1990 example), while the other twelve republics continued to discuss new, increasingly loose models for the Union. GOD FoRBID! "[47], Libyan former leader Muammar al-Gaddafi proposed, in 2003, a one-state solution known as the Isratin proposal. The connection between losing the Jewish demographic majority and the fear of the demand for equal voting rights for everyone - one man, one vote - that would bring an end to the Jewish state shows that the type of regime identified with binationalism is a classic liberal regime of individual rights in a unitary, centralized state, without any [95] 66% said the Palestinians real goal should be to start with a two-state solution but then move to it all being one Palestinian state. The bill was titled "Basic Law: the State of all its Citizens," and it provided the basis for Israel's turning into a binational state, in which the Jewish nation and the Palestinian nation . See full text in Walid Khalidi, Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank, "Resolving the IsraeliPalestinian Conflict: The Viability of One-State Models", "Caroline Glick's one-state solution for Israel-Palestine asks all the wrong questions", "The Federation Plan: The Founding Document", "An Israeli-Palestinian Confederation Can Work", "The death of the Israel-Palestine two-state solution brings fresh hope,", "It is time Israel, the West admit the two-state solution is dead", "Biden: 'Overwhelming frustration' with Israeli gov't", "Biden says he will listen to experts. Sri Lanka is inhabited by Sinhalese, Sri Lankan Tamils, Indian Tamils, Moors, Veddas, Burghers, and other small ethnic groups. Following the deaths of over 3,500 people,[59] a peace treaty was reached in 1998,[60] although divisions remain high in some areas and sporadic violence still occurs. [34] In addition, Forest Finns, Kvens, Jews, Romani, and the Norwegian and Swedish Travellers are recognised as national minorities. The 1948 New York Second world conference of the International Jewish Labor Bund condemned the proclamation of the Jewish state, because the decision exposed the Jews in Palestine to danger. Thus, today's Spaniards include Andalusians, Aragonese, Asturians, Basques, Cantabrians, Castilians, Catalans, Galicians, Leonese, and Valencians, and individual members of these groups may or may not consider them distinct nations. The conference was in favour of a binational state built on the base of national equality and democratic federalism.[28]. ", The White Paper of 1939 sought to accommodate Arab demands regarding Jewish immigration by placing a quota of 10,000 Jewish immigrants per year over a five-year period from 1939 to 1944. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Further, Glick says later PCBS surveys reflect the predictions of the 1997 PCBS survey, reporting unrealized birth forecasts, including assumptions of large Palestinian immigration that never occurred. Under this agreement, the region of Palestine would be controlled by Britain. Some analysts have described the European Union as a multinational state or a potential one. Their aspect on life and of life are different. In a 2007 poll, almost three quarters of the Palestinian respondents in the West Bank and Gaza Strip approved either a binational or two-state solution; 46% preferred the two-state solution, . All Canadians are members of Canada as a civic or political community, a community of citizens, and this is a community that contains many other kinds within it. This contrasts with a nation state, where a single nation accounts for the bulk of the population. ; The alternative is to become a binational state. The most successful of these movements was Bengali nationalism, which led to the creation of the Bengali-speaking nation-state of Bangladesh. [29] According to a poll taken by the Palestine Center for Public Opinion in 2020, around 10% of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza believe that working towards a binational state should be a top priority in the next five years. Lustick argued that people who assume Israel will persist as a Zionist project should consider how quickly the Soviet, Pahlavi Iranian, apartheid South African, Baathist Iraqi and Yugoslavian states unraveled. However, large cities such as Johannesburg are home to a mixture of national groups, leading to a "melting pot" of cultures. [58] This period of armed conflict erupted in 1966 between loyalist paramilitaries, seeking to maintain the country's position in the UK, and republican paramilitaries, seeking to unify Ireland as a 32-county independent republic. *Defining a binational case and subsequent follow up often depend on complete travel history including geographic and address details. [32], Some Israeli Jews and Palestinians who oppose a one-state solution have nevertheless come to believe that it may come to pass. The movement was based on the two-nation theory put forward by Muhammad Ali Jinnah: the idea that Hindus and Muslims in British India represented not only different religious communities but also distinct nations, and hence that, in the event of Indian independence, they should be divided into two nation states. There is also a German-speaking minority in the east. According to the United Nations, Russia's immigrant population is the third-largest in the world, numbering over 11.6 million;[25] most of which are from post-Soviet states, mainly Ukrainians. The People's Republic of China (PRC) is a multinational state consisting of 56 ethnic groups with the Han people the largest ethnic group in mainland China. Ibish speculated that in such a scenario, it could even go beyond an ethno-national war between Israelis and Palestinians into a religious war between Jews and Muslims, with Israeli Jews ending up under siege and relying on their nuclear weapons for protection. [15], The area between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River was controlled by various national groups throughout history. A month later, political scientist Virginia Tilley published "The One-State Solution" in the London Review of Books (followed in 2005 by a book with the same title), arguing that West Bank settlements had made a two-state solution impossible and that the international community must accept a one-state solution as the de facto reality. As is the case throughout Africa, the nations of South Africa mostly correspond to specific regions. Proponents of this solution advocate a single state in Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. ()(enoch o.hwang) ;,, 2018-02-00 16 405 874 ISBN9787121334214 2 ()(enoch o.hwang) ;,, The one-state solution, sometimes also called a bi-national state, is a proposed approach to resolving the IsraeliPalestinian conflict, according to which one state must be established between the River Jordan and the Mediterranean. It also required Arab consent for further Jewish immigration. Prior to colonialism, they were not self identified as one ethnic nationality but are so today along with the three Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo which classification does carry between each group of who is part of and not part of the group aside from them Nigeria as about 250500 other ethnic nationalities considered minorities with some large enough to control the outcomes of elections in states such as the Igala and Urhobo. Some Israelis advocate a version of this model in which Israel will annex the West Bank but not the Gaza Strip and remain a Jewish and democratic state with a larger Arab minority. When the Kingdom of Great Britain was created, many of its inhabitants retained a sense of English, Scottish, or Welsh identity. Doubts remained about the authority of the Belavezha Accords to dissolve the Union, but on 21 December 1991, representatives of every Soviet republic except Georgiaincluding those that had signed the Belavezha Accordssigned the Alma-Ata Protocol, which confirmed the dissolution of the USSR and reiterated the establishment of the CIS. Legal uncertainty continued through 1991 as constituent republics slowly gained de facto independence. We propose a binational approach to comprehensively address the health problems and socioeconomic challenges faced by . By 1948, in the wake of the Holocaust, Jewish support for partition and a Jewish state had become overwhelming. Example- The Kurds, Palestinians, Explain the difference between a state, a nation, and a nation-state. [85], Gorenberg wrote that in addition to many of the problems with the one-state solution described above, the hypothetical state would collapse economically, as the Israeli Jewish intelligentsia would in all likelihood emigrate, writing that "financing development in majority-Palestinian areas and bringing Palestinians into Israel's social welfare network would require Jews to pay higher taxes or receive fewer services. The Ottoman Empire was the dynastic state of the Turkish House of Osman. Apparently some people's self-determination is more equal than others. The preamble of the Constitution of Montenegro identifies numerous nationalitiesMontenegrins, Serbs, Bosniaks, Albanians, Muslims, Croats, and othersas citizens of a civic and democratic state. However, Russia's 193 minority ethnic groups speak over 100 languages. This led to political unrest throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, and in the aftermath of the difficult 200708 Belgian government formation, the Belgian media envisaged a partition of Belgium as a potential solution. [1][2] The term one-state reality describes the belief that the current situation in Israel/Palestine is de facto one-state. [54], In recent years, some politicians and political commentators representing the right wing of Israeli politics have advocated annexing the West Bank, and granting the West Bank's Palestinian population Israeli citizenship while maintaining Israel's current status as a Jewish state with recognized minorities. Toggle Navigation. Since 2002, minorities have been entitled to organize their own national councils. New York: Routledge, 2015. The IHRA definition's statement that an example of antisemitism is "Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, eg, by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a . Its successor states de jure included the First Austrian Republic, the Kingdom of Hungary, while part from her former territories entirely new states were created such as Czechoslovakia, or other parts incorporated into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Poland, Kingdom of Romania, Kingdom of Italy and the Soviet Union. Development of the BNC. In its debates, the UN divided its member States into two subcommittees: one to address options for partition and a second to address all other options. [31], Some Israeli government spokespeople have also proposed that Palestinian-majority areas of Israel, such as the area around Umm el-Fahm, be annexed to the new Palestinian state. Eventually, Palestinian leadership began flirting with the idea of a two-state solution. Russia is also home to small Buddhist populations, such as the nomadic Buryats in Buryatia, and the Kalmyks; native to Kalmykia, the only Buddhist region in Europe. Russia is a nation state, but it is home to over 193 ethnic groups. The territory of Belgium is almost equally divided between the two linguistic groups of Dutch-speaking Flanders and French-speaking Wallonia and Brussels. Hussein, Cherine. THE FUTURE OF LIBERATION MOVEMENTS. see binational (English) Examples Automatically generated practical examples in English: Windsor West NDP MP Brian Masse presented a letter to federal Environment Minister Jonathan Wilkinson on Thursday, calling for the launch of a binational investigation to look into a Nov. CBC, 6 December 2019 The first Binational Health Councils, known in Spanish as COBINAS (Consejos Binacionales de Salud) were formed in 1965. ][76] argue that unification cannot happen without damaging or destroying Israel's democracy. In response to these riots, Britain established the Haycraft Commission of Inquiry. Environmental Issues in the U.S.-Mexico Border Area Binational Population Data in Sister Cities along the Rio Grande Binational Population Data in Sister Cities along the Rio Grande Population has grown significantly in the sister cities along the Rio Grande, which forms the border between Texas and four Mexican states. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. After the violence, the British led another commission of inquiry under Sir Walter Shaw. The official language is Montenegrin,[33] but Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian, and Croatian are also in official use. The high total fertility rate among Palestinians accompanied by a return of Palestinian refugees, would quickly render Jews a minority, according to Sergio DellaPergola, an Israeli demographer and statistician. It was established on 1 December 1918 by the union of the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbia (to which the Kingdom of Montenegro had been annexed on 13 November 1918), and the Conference of Ambassadors gave international recognition to the union on 13 July 1922.[73]. [18] The vast majority of them natively speak Austronesian languages and among the major tribal groups are the Javanese, Sundanese, Malays, Madurese, Bugis, Torajans, Bataks, Mandarese, Minangkabos, Betawi, Banjarese, Acehnese, Balinese, Dayaks, Sasaks, and Makassarese. A bi-national state means the abandonment of this aim, and, in practice, the dismantling of Israel itself. The CIA World Factbook (2011) describes Spain's ethnic makeup as a "composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types", instead of the usual breakdown of ethnic composition. There are also the Shamanistic peoples of Siberia and the Far North; the Finnic peoples of Northwest Russia and the Volga region; the Korean inhabitants of Sakhalin; and the diverse peoples of the North Caucasus. Shlomo Kaplansky, a veteran leader of Poalei Zion, argued that a Parliament, even with an Arab majority, was the way forward. This movement culminated in the creation of Pakistan in 1947 through the partition of India. Secretary of State Colin L. Powell led the U.S. delegation to the 21 st meeting of the United States-Mexico Binational Commission on November 9, 2004 in Mexico City. [96], "Binationalism" and "Binational state" redirect here. As a result, the balance of power tipped significantly toward the republics. Support for a one-state solution is increasing[when?] "Binationalism: A Bridge over the Chasm. [16] In addition, there are also unrecognized ethnic groups, for example: Chuanqing people (), and others, who comprise over 730,000 people. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. In 2006, this last vestige separated into Serbia and Montenegro, but only to go further in 2008 after Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence but with limited recognition. For uses outside the IsraeliPalestinian context, see. Proponents of this solution advocate a single state in Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. At its peak in the 16th and 17th centuries, it controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. The following day, the Supreme Soviet, the highest governmental body of the Soviet Union, dissolved itself. [57], Political, ethnic, and religious tensions between Irish and British groups in Northern Ireland culminated in The Troubles. When the coup collapsed, Yeltsinwho had publicly opposed itcame out as a hero, while Gorbachev's power was effectively ended. [49] The Judt article engendered considerable debate in the UK and the US, and The New York Review of Books received more than 1,000 letters per week about the essay. The referendum gave Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev a minor boost, and in the summer of 1991, the New Union Treaty was designed and agreed upon by eight republics. The United States hosted the 2000 BNC, and again in 2001 because of . Today, nationalist movements within Pakistan include those of the Sindhis, Pashtuns, Balochs, Mohajirs, and Kashmiris. binational state examples. Urdu was then promoted as the national language of all South Asian Muslims. [28] According to the 2002 Census, 142.6million people speak Russian, followed by Tatar with 5.3million, and Ukrainian with 1.8million speakers. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. A BINATIONAL STATE? pray for the destruction of your enemies kjv / 1 monster way corona, ca 92879 / binational state examples. He noted that only about 400 settler households were engaged in agriculture, with the amount of settler-owned farmland comprising only 1.5% of the West Bank. Israelis no longer shop in Nablus and Gaza the way they did before the Oslo accords. binational state examples. [33], John Mearsheimer, co-director of the Programme on International Security Policy at the University of Chicago, says the binational solution has become inevitable. She argued that a one-state solution with a Jewish majority and a political system rooted in Jewish values was the best way to guarantee the protection of democratic values and the rights of all minorities. These include not only communities of ethnic, regional, religious, and civic (the provincial and municipal governments) sorts, but also national communities, which often include or overlap with many of the other kinds. [62], The Scottish National Party, the largest political party in Scotland, is committed to the goal of an independent Scotland within the European Union, but this is opposed by the leadership of the next three largest parties in the Scottish Parliament. [25], Violence erupted again during the 193639 Arab revolt in Palestine. It was succeeded by Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, proclaimed in 1943 by the Yugoslav Partisans resistance movement. He has noted that the settlers comprise only 13.5% of the West Bank's population and occupy 4% of its land, and that the settlement enterprise has failed to build up a viable local economic infrastructure. When it was formed on 16 September 1963, Malaysia comprised four independent, self-governing nations: Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak. The Iban people are the majority in Sarawak, while Sabah is dominated by the Kadazan-Dusun, Murut, and Bajau peoples. The members of these movements assert that Islam cannot be considered the sole basis for nationhood, and that Pakistan is therefore a multinational state. [94] If this support for a bi-national state is combined with the finding that 9.8 percent of Palestinian respondents favour a "Palestinian state" in "all of historic Palestine", this poll suggested about equal Palestinian support for a two-state and one-state solution in mid-2010.[93][94]. [27], Russia's official language is Russian. But the engine of the Israeli economy is high-tech, an entirely portable industry. Today, the proponents for the one-state solution include Palestinian author Ali Abunimah, Palestinian writer and political scientist Abdalhadi Alijla, Palestinian-American producer Jamal Dajani, Palestinian lawyer Michael Tarazi,[36] American-Israeli anthropologist Jeff Halper, Israeli writer Dan Gavron,[37] Lebanese-American academic Saree Makdisi,[38] and Israeli journalist Gideon Levy. A binational state is an extreme rarity that is nonexistent in our region. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state."[19][20]. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Proposals from the Israeli right for a one-state solution tend to avoid advocating the annexation of the Gaza Strip, due to its large and generally hostile Palestinian population and its status as a self-governing territory without any Israeli settlements or permanent military presence. [27] The General Assembly instead voted for partition and in UN General Assembly Resolution 181 recommended that the Mandate territory of Palestine be partitioned into a Jewish state and an Arab state. 87 November 27, 2006 (391) House of Commons of Canada", "Han Chinese proportion in China's population drops: census data", "Expats in China: Nationalities and in which cities they settle", "How the map of India was redrawn on the lines of language", Excerpt from the Presidential Address delivered by Quaid-e-Azam at Lahore, March 2223, 1940, "Mapped: Which country has the most immigrants? About half of the settlements have populations fewer than 1,000 and only 15 have populations greater than 5,000. Parents need to notify the schools when . binational state a state with two nations multinational state a state with more than two nations boundary invisible lines that mark the extent of a state's territory and the control that its leaders have centripetal force forces that bind people together centrifugal force - REUTERS/Ronen Zvulun Uri Savir @@Uri_Savir August 24, 2014 Nevertheless, some Jewish voices still argued for unification. Denying this reality has . This was the largest Yugoslav state, with Istria and Rijeka having been added after World War II. One complicating factor is that it is possible for members of a group that could be considered a nation to identify with two different nationalities simultaneously. Two peoples, roughly equal in number, live under the ultimate control of one government. Lustick concludes that while it may not arise without "painful stalemates", a one-state solution may be a way to eventual Palestinian independence. For those who believe in equality, this is a good thing. The current policy of the federal government is that Canada is bilingualEnglish and French are both official languagesand multicultural. The Jewish community accepted the 1947 partition plan, and declared independence as the State of Israel in 1948. The most prominent of these are Canada and Belgium. argue that it would make Israeli Jews an ethnic minority[65][66] in the only Jewish country. [24] Violence erupted again in the form of the 1929 Palestine riots, the 1929 Hebron massacre, and the 1929 Safed massacre. [35], Nineteen ethnic groups are officially recognised as national minorities in Serbia. Translations in context of "BINATIONAL STATE" in english-bulgarian. URi AVNERY RESPONDS TO Azmi BIsHARA When I come to contradict the theses of my friend Azmi Bishara, I am con-scious of a certain irony. Montenegro is a multiethnic state in which no ethnic group forms a majority. legal effect of customary law marriage in nigeria. Check out the pronunciation, synonyms and grammar. Good luck! Existing multinational states can be divided into two types - states with the numerical dominance of one nation and states in which no nation dominates the others. Speakers of each language may be of a different nationalityfor example, some members of the Ndebele and Tswana nations speak Zulu, and groups such as the Thembu and Hlubi speak Xhosa. Bihar and Jharkhand are home to the Maithils, Santalis, and the Hindustani language speaking people. While some are so small that they only show up in one local Government area. [37] The largest national minorities are Hungarians, Roma, and Bosniaks, and there are also significant populations of Croats, Montenegrins, Albanians, Slovaks, Romanians and Vlachs, Rusyns, Gorani, Macedonians, and Bulgarians. myers park country club lawsuit; turkey hill frozen yogurt discontinued. [26], The Tatars, Bashkirs, and the Chechens are three predominantly Muslim minorities in the country. And the supposed reason that partition is often claimed to be impossible the difficulty of a probable relocation of more than 150,000 settlers is grossly overstated: in the 1990s, Israel absorbed several times as many Russian immigrants, many of them far more difficult to integrate than settlers, who already have Israeli jobs, fully formed networks of family support and a command of Hebrew. Similar criticisms appear in The Case for Peace. [23], Disagreements over Jewish immigration as well as incitement by Haj Amin Al-Husseini led to an outbreak of Arab-Jewish violence in the Palestine Riots of 1920. The Peel Commission concluded that only partition could put an end to the violence, and proposed the Peel Partition Plan. [59], In 2013, Likud MK Tzipi Hotovely argued that Jordan was originally created as the Arab state in the British Mandate of Palestine and that Israel should annex the West Bank as a historic part of the Land of Israel. [20] In a 1917, letter from Arthur James Balfour to Lord Rothschild, known as the Balfour Declaration, the British government promised "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people", but at the same time required "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". The two-state solution is possible if both sides genuinely want it. It also recognizes 212 scheduled tribal groups, which together constitute about 7.5% of the country's population. Reinhold Niebuhr's support for the foundation of the state of Israel is argued to be an expression of his Christian realism, and as such is based on his ethics but not his theology.